Solutions Cost Accounting Chapter Essay Example

Solutions Cost Accounting Chapter Paper Demand, ordering costs, carrying costs, and the purchase-order lead time are certain. Purchasing cost per unit is unaffected by the quantity ordered. No cookouts occur. Costs of quality and shrinkage costs are considered only to the extent that these costs affect ordering costs or carrying costs. 20-4 Costs included in the camping costs of inventory are incremental costs for such items as insurance, rent, obsolescence, spoilage, and breakage plus the opportunity cost of capital (or required return on investment). 0-5 Examples of opportunity costs relevant to the EX. decision model but typically not recorded in accounting systems are the following: 1. The return forgone by investing capital in inventory; 2. Lost contribution margin on existing sales when a Stockpot occurs; ND 3. Lost contribution margin on potential future sales that will not be made to disgruntled customers. 20-6 The steps in computing the costs of a prediction error when using the EX. decision model are: Step 1: Com pute the monetary outcome from the best action that could be taken, given the actual amount Of the cost input. Step 2: Compute the monetary outcome from the best action based on the incorrect amount Of the predicted cost input. Step 3: Compute the difference between the monetary outcomes from Steps 1 and 2. 20-1 20-7 Goal congruence issues arise when there is an inconsistency between the EX. decision model and the model used for evaluating the performance of the person implementing the model. For example, if opportunity costs are ignored in performance evaluation, the manager may be induced to purchase in a quantity larger than the EX. model indicates is optimal, 20-8 just-in-time 01 T) purchasing is the purchase to materials (or goods) so that they are delivered just as needed for production (or sales), Benefits include lower inventory holdings (reduced warehouse space required and less money tied up in inventory) and less risk of inventory obsolescence and spoilage 20-9 Factors causing reductions in the cost o place purchase orders of materials are: 0 Companies are establishing long- run purchasing agreements that define price and quality terms over an extended period. D Companies are using electronic links, such as the Internet, to place purchase orders. D Companies are increasing the use Of purchase-order cards. 20-10 Disagree. Choosing the supplier Who Offers the lowest price Will not necessarily result in the lowest total purchase cost to the buyer. This is because the price or purchase cost Of the goods is only one-?and perhaps, most Obvious element of cost associated with purchasing and managing inventories. We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Cost Accounting Chapter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Cost Accounting Chapter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions Cost Accounting Chapter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Other elevate cost items are ordering costs, carrying costs, Stockpot costs, quality costs, and shrinkage costs. A low-cost supplier may well impose conditions on the buyer-?such as poor quality, or frequent cookouts, or excessively high inventories-?that result in high total costs of purchase, Buyers must examine all the elements of costs relevant to inventory management, not just the purchase price. 20-11 Supply-chain analysis describes the flow of goods, services, and information from the initial sources of materials and services to the delivery of products to consumers, regardless of whether those activities occur in the name company or in other companies. Sharing of information across companies enables a reduction in inventory levels at all stages, fewer cookouts at the retail level, reduced manufacture of product not subsequently demanded by retailers, and a reduction in expedited manufacturing orders, 20-12 Just-in-time (JUJU production is a -?demand-pull manufacturing system that has the following features: TTL Organize production in manufacturing cells, Hire and retain workers who are multi-skilled, C Aggressively pursue total quality management (TTS) to eliminate defects, I] Place emphasis on reducing both setup time and manufacturing cycle time, and Carefully select suppliers who are capable of delivering quality materials in a timely manner _ 20-13 Traditional normal and standard costing systems use sequential tracking, in which journal entries are recorded in the same order as actual purchases and progress in production, typically at four different trigger points in the process. Backslash costing omits recording some of the journal entries relating to the cycle from purchase of direct materials to sale of finished goods, i. E. , it has fewer trigger points at which journal entries are made. When journal entries for one or more stages in the cycle are omitted, 20-2 the journal entries for a subsequent stage use normal or standard costs to work backward to -?flush outlet the costs in the cycle for which journal entries were not made. 20-14 Versions of backslash costing differ in the number and placement to trigger points at which journal entries are made in the accounting system: Number of Journal Entry Trigger points 3 Version I Location in Cycle Where Journal Entries Made Stage A. Purchase of direct materials and incurring of conversion costs Stage C. Completion of good finished units of product Stage D. Sale of finished goods Stage A Purchase of direct materials and incurring of conversion costs Stage D. Sale of finished goods Stage C Completion of good finished units of product Stage D. Sale of finished goods Version 2 Version 3 20-15 Traditional accounting systems cost individual products, and separate product costs from selling, general, and administrative costs, Lean accounting costs the entire value stream instead of individual products. Rework costs, unused capacity costs, and common costs that cannot be reasonably assigned to value streams are excluded from value stream costs. In addition, many lean counting systems expense material costs the period they are purchased, rather than storing them on the balance sheet until the products using the material are sold. 20-16 (20 min,) Economic order quantity for retailer. L. D = 10,000 jerseys per year, P = $200, C = $7 per jersey per year EX. C 2 DIP C C 2 0 10 ,OHO O $200 = 75593 756 jerseys 7 Number Of orders per year = D 10,000 13. 221] 14 orders EX. 756 Demand each working day Purchase lead time Reorder point D 10,000 27. 40 jerseys per day Number of working days 365 = 7 days = 27. 4007 = 191. 80 0 192 jerseys 20-3 20-17 (20 min,) Economic order quantity, effect of parameter changes continuation of 20-16). 1. D = 10,000 jerseys per year, P = $30, C = $7 per jersey per year EX. Ill 2 DIP C 10 ,OHO $30 292. 7 jerseys [1 293 jerseys 7 The sizable reduction in ordering cost (from 5200 to $30 per purchase order) has reduced the EX. from 756 to 293. 2. The AT proposal has both upsides and downsides. The upside is p otentially higher sales. FEB. customers may purchase more online than it they have to physically visit a store. FEB. would also have lower administrative costs and lower inventory holding costs with the proposal. The downside is that AT could capture Fibs customers. Repeat customers to the AT be site need not be classified as BP customers. Would have to establish enforceable rules to make sure it captures ongoing revenues from customers it directs to the AP web site. There is insufficient information to determine Whether FEB. should accept TATS proposal. Much depends on whether FEB. views AT as a credible, -?honest partner. 20-18 (15 min. ) EX. for a retailer. 1. D 26,awards per year, P $165, C- $9 = $1. 80 per yard per year EX. O 2 0 26, 400 C SASS 2 DIP 0 2, 200 yards C D 26, 400 C 0 12 orders per year EX. 2, 200 Number of orders per year: Demand each working day = 105. 60 yards per day = 528 yards per week (105. 0 x 5 = Error! 26, 400 = 250 days per week) Purchasing lead time = 2 weeks Reorder point = 528 yards per week [1 2 weeks = 1 ,056 yards 20-13 (20 min. ) EX. for manufacturer. 1. Relevant carrying costs per part per year: Required annual return on investment 15% [l $60 Relevant insurance, materials handling, breakage, etc. Sots per year Relevant carrying costs per part per year $96$15 With D 18,000 parts per year; P $150: C $15 per part per year, EX. for manufacturer is: EDP 2 18,000 EX.= C 600 units C $15 2. Relevant annual = [ID [l Q [l ordering costs [l D 18 ,OHO C] ISIS D = 600 $4,500 where Q = 600 units, the EX.. 3. At the EX., total relevant ordering costs and total relevant carrying costs will be exactly equal Therefore, total relevant carrying costs at the EX. = $4,500 (from requirement 2). We can also confirm this with a direct calculation: Q C Relevant annual carrying costs [12 [I 600 ASS where Q = 600 units, the EX. 4 Purchase order lead time is half a month. Monthly demand is 18,000 units * 12 months = 1,500 units per month. Demand in half a month is Error! ; 1,500 units or 750 units. Alkaline should reorder when the inventory Of rotor blades falls to 750 units. 25 0-20 (20 min. ) Sensitivity Of EX. to changes in relevant ordering and carrying costs. 1. A straightforward approach to the requirement is to construct the following table for EX. at relevant carrying and ordering costs. Annual demand is 10,000 units. The formula for the EX. model is: EDP DIP ICQ EX. = and for Relevant Total Costs (ROTC) C C Q 2 where D demand in units per year P relevant ordering costs per purchase order C = relevant carrying costs of one unit in stock for the time period used for D (one year in this problem. Relevant ordering costs per Purchase order (P) $400 $100 EX. = 2 010, 000 0 $400 0,000 C $400 895 C D 895, ROTC-D $8, 944 $10 8952 Relevant Carrying Costs per Jinni per Year (C) $10 $20 $40 EX. = EX. 2 fill, oho 5200 10,000 $200 $47 $20 447, ROTC= 58, 944 520447 2 2 fill, oho o $100 10,000 c $100 224 0 $40 0 224, ROTC= o o $8, 944 $40 2242 2. For a given demand level, as relevant carrying costs increase and relevant ordering costs decrease, EX. becomes smaller. The change in EX. results in relevant total costs (ROTC) being the same across all three cases. That is, the EX. Offsets the effect on total costs Of the increase in carrying costs and the decrease in ordering costs. 3. If Alpha estimates C = SIS per unit per year and P = $400 per order, then from requirement 1, EX. 224 units and Relevant Total Cost (ROTC) $8,944 For EX. = 224 units, C = $20 per unit per year and P = $200 per order, DIP ICQ Relevant total costs (ROTC) -Q 2 10, OHO O $200 2240 $20 224 2 $8,929 $2,240 = $11,169 The prediction error equals SSI,169 $8,944 = SO,225 which is ($2,225 ; $8,944) of the relevant total cost had there been no prediction error. The error in prediction results is a significantly higher cost but is still limited, given that the estimate to the carrying cost was halt the actual amount and the estimate to the ordering cost was twice the actual amount. The square root function dampens the effect of the errors. 20-6 20-21 (15 min. ) Inventory management and the balanced scorecard. I _ The incremental increase in operating profits from employee cross-training (ignoring the cost of the training) is: Increased revenue from higher customer satisfaction ($5, COO,OHO x 2% x 5) $500,000 Reduced inventory-related costs 100,000 Incremental increase in operating profits (ignoring training costs) 5600. 000 2. At a cost Of $600,000, DOCS will be indifferent between current expenditures and increasing employee cross-training by 5%. Consequently, the most DOCS would be Willing to pay for this cross-training is the $600,000 benefit received. 3. Besides increasing short-term operating profits, additional employee cross-training can improve employee satisfaction because their jobs can have more variety, potentially leading to unanticipated productivity improvements and lower employee turnover. Multi. Skilled employees can also understand the production process better and can suggest potential improvements.

Salivary Amylase and Other Enzymes in Saliva

Salivary Amylase and Other Enzymes in Saliva When food enters the mouth, it triggers the release of saliva. Saliva contains enzymes that perform important biological functions. Just like other enzymes in the body, the salivary enzymes help to catalyze, or speed up, the rate of chemical reactions in the body. This function is required to promote digestion and the acquisition of energy from food. Major Enzymes in Saliva Salivary amylase (also known as ptyalin) breaks down starches into smaller, simpler sugars. Salivary kallikrein helps produce a vasodilator to dilate blood vessels. Lingual lipase helps to break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerides. Salivary Amylase Salivary amylase is the primary enzyme in saliva. Salivary amylase breaks down carbohydrates into smaller molecules, like sugars. Breaking down the large macromolecules into simpler components helps the body to digest starchy foods, like potatoes, rice, or pasta. During this process, larger carbohydrates, called amylopectin and amylose, are broken down into maltose. Maltose is a sugar that is composed of individual subunits of glucose, the human bodys key source of energy.   Salivary amylase also has a function in our dental health. It helps to prevent starches from accumulating on our teeth. In addition to salivary amylase, humans also produce pancreatic amylase, which further breaks down starches later in the digestive process. Salivary Kallikrein As a group, kallikreins are enzymes that take high molecular weight (HMW) compounds, like kininogen, and cleave them to smaller units. Salivary kallikrein breaks down kininogen into bradykinin, a vasodilator. Bradykinin helps to control blood pressure in the body. It causes blood vessels to dilate or expand and causes blood pressure to be lowered. Typically, only trace amounts of salivary kallikrein are found in saliva. Lingual Lipase Lingual lipase is an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into glycerides and fatty acid components, thus catalyzing the digestion of lipids. The process begins in the mouth where it breaks down the triglycerides into diglycerides. Unlike salivary amylase, which functions best in non-acidic environments, lingual lipase can operate at lower pH values, so its action continues into the stomach. Lingual lipase helps infants digest the fats in their mothers milk. As we get older, the relative proportion of lingual lipase in saliva decreases as other parts of our digestive system help with fat digestion. Other Minor Salivary Enzymes Saliva contains other minor enzymes, like salivary acid phosphatase, which frees up attached phosphoryl groups from other molecules. Like amylase, it helps with the digestion process. Saliva also contains lysozymes. Lysozymes are enzymes that help to kill bacteria, viruses and other foreign agents in the body. These enzymes thus perform antimicrobial functions. Sources Becker, Andrea. â€Å"Names of the Enzymes in the Mouth Esophagus.† Sciencing.com, Sciencing, 10 Jan. 2019, sciencing.com/names-enzymes-mouth-esophagus-17242.html.Marie, Joanne. â€Å"What Are the Functions of Amylase, Protease and Lipase Digestive Enzymes.† Healthy Eating | SF Gate, 12 Dec. 2018, healthyeating.sfgate.com/functions-amylase-protease-lipase-digestive-enzymes-3325.html.

Novel Mobile devices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Novel Mobile devices - Essay Example Quite frequently, new designs come with newer properties and better usability that outshine the former models. For example, data was originally carried in floppy discs. Later, USBs drove floppy discs out of the market and people opted for USBs instead of floppy discs. Then there were USBs of different memory. As the time passed, USBs with even smaller size with greater memory were developed. According to Strategic Analysis, â€Å"A range of new embedded consumer electronics devices is set to create a market of 10 crore installed devices for wireless operators in the United States by 2014† (Clarke). All of these devices will be mobile and novel. Image of a novel mobile device (Mobiletor.com). How do they work? Novel mobile devices allow the user to take them from one place to another with minimum inconvenience. As they are mobile, so they are portable. They usually allow the user to attach them to multiple devices. For example, a memory card can be used in mobile phones, digita l cameras, television sets and laptops. How do they help people? They facilitate the work in that they are carried by user as required. Their help and usability can be estimated from the fact that communication has been enhanced with the introduction of mobile phones into the market.

Government Effects on Global Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Government Effects on Global Trade - Essay Example Currently the two arrangements do not exist. The STA only lasted for a period of one year which was from October 1961 to September 1962 (Kar 2015). The LTA which substituted STA managed to last for five years from October 1962 under continuous re-establishments. Its prime role was to prevent rapid penetration of textile imports into markets that were already developed (Kar 2015).   That way any domestic producer would never be threatened. Despites all the efforts made by Kennedy’s government on the arrangements, the importation of textile into the US never stopped, in fact, it grew more serous (Rivoli 2015). This further led to other arrangements as the Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA). Since several bodies were established by different global leaders to control the global trade and yet no encouraging results were obtained, there are doubts in progress in resolving the issues. This can further be attributed to the fact that almost all of these leaders speak out different messag es to the public from the actions they take during private phone calls. This can be summarized by the free trade rhetoric expressed by Rivoli (2015). Censoring Rivoli (2015), the global leaders make promises about controlling the textile and apparel import issues then fail during their reign. Apparently this is a routine insinuating failure to handle the issue at hand. For better leadership to come from the leaders in this particular industry, the authorities must stop deceiving the public in front of cameras then acting contradictorily during their private phone calls.

Tata case - pricing Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tata - pricing - Case Study Example This is in addition to the research and development situated in those same parts of countries. Its first commercial vehicle was manufactured in 1954 with a company called Daimler- Benz (Bhaktavatsala, 1993). After acquiring stakes in a Hispano Carrocera which specializes in manufacturing buses and coaches and from then, decided to also venture in bus and coach manufacturing. The company has been involved a spree of acquiring stakes in companies or forming joint ventures with other car manufacturing and then doing the same production. Examples of the companies it has partnered with through acquiring their stakes or through joint ventures or even buying include, jaguar Land rover, Hispano Carrocera, Marcopolo, Daewoo, Trilix and many others. This is in a bid to cut on the cost of having to start a new product altogether. Tata is an Indian company that with a vision to manufacture cheap and affordable vehicles targeting Indian population whose middle class has been rising with time. Its first fully indigenous passenger car was launched in the year 1998 and nick named it the Indica. In an attempt to manufacture even more cheap and affordable cars for the Indian population who prefer travelling together with their family members, Tata launched in 2008 a small but spacious car called Tata Nano. This car was the cheapest world-wide by the time it was launched. The company in trying to set affordable but right prices for its Nano cars seem to have had some considerations in mind including profitability to the company, economic status of Indians, the prices of Nano Parts, and the installations that are put in it. The company’s design of the car makes the car cheap by not having expensive stereos that normally accompany expensive cars. The company worked from top downwards to arrive at this affordable car to many. They first set the highest price then worked downwards to design and develop a car with materials that would add up to this amount. The

The Effect Of Openness To Experience Commerce Essay

The Effect Of Openness To Experience Commerce Essay Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to show a correlation between Openness to Experience and Job Success and test the mediation effect Creativity and Intellect have on this relationship. Design Methodology: An online survey was administered to over 300 people out of whom 166 filled the questionnaire. This survey contained scales of inventories to gauge the Openness to experience, Creativity, Intellect and the Job Success of the respondents. The respondents filled the survey and the results were then analysed using the SPSS software (v.16.0). The correlation between Openness to experience and Job Success was tested along with the mediation effect of Creativity and Intellect. Findings: Creativity and Intellect fully mediated the relationship between Openness to experience and Job Success. Openness to experience and Job success were found to be positively correlated. Research Implications/Limitations: This study shows a correlation between Openness to experience and Job Success. This topic of study can be expanded to show relations between other personality traits and Job Success. Future research can go further and show the differences between the degree of this correlation for several industries and for male and female managers. Practical Implications: The findings of this paper could be used during the recruitment process for companies and during the intake process for business schools. Originality/Value: This paper is one of the first to prove the correlation between Openness to experience and Job Success. The role of creativity and Intellect in this relationship is also explained by this paper which is another first. Keywords: Openness to experience, Intellect, Creativity, Job Success, Human resources Paper Type: Research Paper Introduction Retention of a manager on any job in any sector is largely dependent on that managers success in his job. Job success not only determines the motivation levels of the manager (Winter, 1991) but also has a significant impact on the overall success of the organisation. (Pfeffer and Veiga, 1993) Thus ensuring Job success is critical to Modern Business. Several factors are known to affect Job success and it is important for companies to pick the right factors to measure in order to predict Job success with sufficient accuracy. This paper looks to determine the relationship between Openness to experience and Job success mediated by Creativity and Intellectual ability with a view to provide companies the option of measuring any of these parameters and being able to predict Job success to a reasonable extent. Of all the dimensions of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) model, openness to experience is considered to be the most vast and least understood. Most research has studied this dimension as a part of personality and few have focussed on studying the link between openness to experience alone and job success. This research aims at creating a comprehensive model linking openness to experience and job success with creativity and intellect as mediators, which has not been done in the past. Building on research done on understanding the openness to experience dimension of the FFM and measuring job success of new hires, we will try to understand the relation between them. We will also see the effect of the two mediators, creativity and intellect on this relation. Research objective The objective of this study is two-fold: To check whether the Openness to experience is a valid predictor for Job Success To check if this relationship between Openness to Experience and Job Success is mediated by Creativity and Intellect Research Gap and Hypotheses OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE Despite trait theories being often downplayed, Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality has remained popular. Also called the big five theory, FFM describes personality in 5 broad traits viz. Openness to Experience (O), Conscientiousness(C), Extroversion (E), Agreeableness (A) and Neuroticism (N). McCrae and Costas (1997) asserted that openness to experience is one of the broadest constructs in personality psychology. Openness to experience describes an individuals imaginative capacity, independent thinking, aesthetic sensitivity, intellectual curiosity, preference for variety and attentiveness for inner feelings. A person with a low score in openness is seen to prefer the conventional and routine (Costa McCrae, 1992; McCrae, 1996). JOB SUCCESS Career success has been defined as work related accomplishments that an individual has amassed due to their work experiences (Judge et al, 1995). Researchers have not accepted the popular conception of measuring success only in terms of salary or the position occupied in the organization (Gattiker Larwood, 1986 etc.). In recent times most research on job success has defined it as being composed of two parts, extrinsic success and intrinsic or perceived success. Extrinsic success is measured using observable parameters like salary, job title, and number of promotions (London Stumpf, 1982). The perceived career success is measured using a self appraisal of job performance (Rode et al, 2008). Childs and Klimoski (1986) used 12 career success items like earnings, self assessed success, number of people supervised and perceived peer rating to measure job success. Also, people who primarily measure success in terms of external criteria have said that enjoying their work is important to t hem (Sturges, 1999). OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE AND JOB SUCCESS Openness to experience would contribute to job success in situations where the nature of the job is such that it requires people to be open to new situations and learning (Bing Lounsbury, 2000). In fact, Bing Lounsbury tested openness to experience to job performance in US based Japanese manufacturing companies. The research supported a positive relation between two and the explanation to this could be that the local population had successfully adapted to the traditional Japanese style of working (Bing Lounsbury, 2000). Burke and Witt have shown through their research findings that other personality variables acts as moderators in the openness to experience job performance relationship (Burke Witt, 2002). Research has shown that those who are more open towards the external environment are more adaptable while those who are more open towards the internal environment would be preoccupied with their internal thoughts and hence less aware of the changes in the environment(Griffin Hesketh, 2004). Young graduates from business schools join jobs that require them to be adaptable and learn as quickly as possible. Hence we expect that openness to experience will be positively correlated to job success. There has been limited research studying these parameters in India and a model linking openness to experience, creativity and intellect to job success has not been developed. In particular, the research tries to study these relations in the context of business school graduates in their initial career stages. With management education in India gaining popularity amongst students and professionals, research needs to be done to find out the predictors for job success in this field. The Western ideas of success may not necessarily hold good for India and it is time that studies focussing on India are conducted. Also, it is important to determine how far the parameters used in the selection criteria for admissions or recruitment are predictors of future job success. CREATIVITY AND INTELLECT AS MEDIATORS As stated in the previous section the correlation between Openness to Experience and Job Success is likely but this relationship is not empirically very strong. It is hence likely that these two parameters are mediated by other constructs. We feel that Creativity and Intellect function as mediators for this relationship. CREATIVITY There have been several studies about creativity conducted by several researchers. According to Lubbart (2000-01) creativity stems from a any process which gives rise to a novel, adaptive production. Glover and Gary (1975) assert that creative individuals are said to exhibit high levels of tolerance to uncertainty and to employ unusual problem solving techniques. William Scott (1965) defines creative behaviour as any unusual response or combination of responses which are also uniquely adaptive and which result in products highly valued by society. Creativity is thus characterised by something new or novel about the way things are done or idea that are produced. OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE AND CREATIVITY Barron (1988) described the creative person as possessing alertness to opportunity, keen attention, intuition, a liking for complexity as a challenge to find simplicity, and a drive to find pattern and meaning, Openness to new ways of seeing, independence of judgment that questions assumptions, et al. These qualities find strong parallels in the FFM dimension of Openness to Experience. Research by McCrae and others have demonstrated that, among the five factors of personality, only Openness to Experience correlates significantly and positively with divergent thinking. They have established a positive covariance of openness to experience with artistic interests (Costa, McCrae and Holland, 1984) and liberal values (McCrea and Costa, 1985). Other researches also show strong empirical and conceptual support to uphold the correlation between openness to experience with creativity (Griffin and McDermont, 1998; Leung and Chiu, 2008). People who are high on openness to experience may wider range of experience, and greater appreciation of the merits of novelty and the potential for improving and changing the status quo, than individuals who are low on openness to experience. These qualities together with their greater sensitivity may cause them to come up with novel solutions to problems and creative ideas. In contrast, individuals who are low on openness to experience may find more comfort in the status quo (George and Zhou, 2001). Griffin and Hesketh (2004), stated that the facets of Openness can be broadly sub-divided into openness towards internal and external environment. While Actions, Ideas and Values appear to describe areas external to the person, Fantasy and Feelings describe openness to areas inside the person. Facets of Openness from each of the Openness scales will differ in their ability to predict creativity. The external openness facets are expected to be better predictors of creativity at work than the latter (Pace, 2005). In our study we predict that among participants in the target group, having more openness to experience would be positively correlated with the level of creative potential. CREATIVITY AND JOB SUCCESS There have been several papers which have linked Creativity to Job Success in some way. A research in Pharmaceutical industry by Mats Sundgren and Alexander Styhre (2003) explores creativity as one of the most critical success factors and important assets in an RD specific organisation. Taewon Suh and Hochang Shin (2005) used the relation between creativity and job performance to ascertain the difference between profit and non-profit organisations. Richard Beatty (1974) asserts that Job Performance and Job Success related and that job performance in fact leads to job success. This could be taken as evidence for a linkage between Creativity and Job Success. The linkage between Creativity and Job success has been used by several researchers (such as Caroline Marshall (2000) in varied research projects. The linkage can also be justified by using the assertion of authors Tudor Rickards, Mark A. Runco, Susan Moger that creativity and leadership step from the same roots and that they have a lot in common . Since leadership is known to be a strong contributor to job success (Kowalski and Campbell, 2000), a linkage between Creativity and Job Success can be expected. As an example from the business of sales and marketing, Julie Britt, independent marketing consultant cites several examples how creativity is essential for success in this profession (2008). Several similar examples can be identified in real life like Bradley/Reids resourceful approach to promoting the Seward Sea Life Center discussed by Tracy Barbour (2001). INTELLECT Intellect is derived from the Latin word intellectus meaning discernment, understanding. This concept has been a constant subject of debate (Feuerstein et al., 1980; Spitz, 1986; Taylor and Richards, 1990; Chen-Shyuefee and Michael, 1993). Intellect has been viewed as both a single entity and as a collection of mental abilities (Heraty and Morely, 2000). An early model of intelligence was proposed by Thurstone (1939) who identified a number of primary mental abilities using factor analysis. Subsequently, Guilford (1956: 1959: 1967: 1981) proposed the structure of intellect (SOT). Utilising factor analysis, the model identified and organized intellectual abilities according to the mental processes involved, the kinds of information featured and the particular form that the items of information took. The SOT model consists of five kinds of psychological processes (operations), three types of stimuli (contents) and six forms of products (newly generated information serving as output ari sing from the application of a psychological operation upon given information) (Khattab et al., 1982). OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE AND INTELLECT There are claims that Openness to experience and Intellect are practically the same thing but Robert McCrae (1994) contends that Intellect while, is a major contributing factor to Openness of Experience. Goldberg (1999) examined the correlation between these two factors using the International Personality Item Pool. This analysis revealed that Intellect encompasses traits reflecting intellectual engagement and perceived intelligence whereas Openness encompasses traits reflecting artistic and contemplative qualities related to engagement in sensation and perception, establishing that these two factor as related but separable aspects. Lexical studies also show that there are many other terms that characterise people high in only openness (such as artistic, perceptive), or only intellect (such as intelligent, philosophical) or both (such as imaginative, original) (George Saucier 1992). The relation between intellect and openness has also been asserted by Colin G. DeYoung, Noah A. Shamosh and Adam E. Green, Todd S. Braver and Jeremy R. Gray (2009) who propound that Intellect and Openness to experience are related. Some research (George Saucier 1992) also exists to substantiate the relation by asserting that both openness and intellect are a part of the same factor namely Factor V of the Five factor model of Personality traits. This view has been contended by Paul Trapnell (1994) by asserting that Openness and Intellect are separated by a couple of factors, but the fact that these two are related is undeniable. INTELLECT AND JOB SUCCESS Intellect has been synonymously used with intelligence by researchers across the world. (Heraty and Morely, 2000) Also, research has shown that intelligence is an integral part of mental ability with strong correlations being obtained between these two constructs. (Schweizer and Moosbrugger, 1999) Tracey et al investigated the utility of mental ability and conscientiousness in predicting technical job success and successfully established that mental ability was a better predictor of performance for new managers, whereas conscientiousness was a better predictor of performance for experienced managers using a sample of restaurant workers. Dr. Colonia-Willner, in a landmark study involving 200 high level managers at a bank employing more than 22,000 people demonstrated that a major factor in achieving success in the workplace depends on intelligence (1999). Business schools across the world have been looking to prepare students for the complexities that would befall the students in the business world and their prime focus is on improving the mental abilities; the ability to think. (Lim, 2002) In their paper, Mol et al express astonishment at the lack of importance afforded to intelligence while measuring performance of expatriate managers. They have managed to bring out the relevance of intelligence in selection of managers by means of 30 primary studies. Using these associations between mental ability and job success as established by many a researchers, the link between mental ability and intelligence already established and the fact that intelligence and intellect have been used interchangeably we have conceptualized that intellect could be positively correlated with job success. In conclusion to the above section, we propose the following hypotheses. See Figure 1 for further clarifications. Hypothesis 1: Openness to experience is positively correlated to Job Success Hypothesis 2: Openness to experience is positively correlated to Creativity Hypothesis 3: Creativity is positively correlated to job Success Hypothesis 4: Openness to Experience is positively correlated to Intellect. Hypothesis 5: Intellect is positively correlated to job success. Research Design Sample In this study, we examine measures of openness to experience, creativity, job success and intellect among a sample group of 166 people all with varying periods of work experience in various sectors. Sample Design The design used for this study is snowball sampling. This design was chosen since it is suitable in cases where it may be difficult for researchers to identify participants. The researchers contacted people they knew and these people further referred the questionnaire to their contacts. Administration: The data for the study was collected using an internet survey. An online questionnaire was prepared and administered to participants in the target group. The participants for the study were contacts of the researchers with an MBA and 1-4 years of work experience. These people were asked to share the questionnaire with people who had the same characteristics and they were also included in the study. A question asking people the number of years of their work experience was put in the survey so that those people who had lesser or greater work experience would not be included in the study. This data was collated and used for analysis. Measures The following model summarises what we were testing through this research paper. Creativity Openness to Experience Job Success Intellect Figure 1: Model Operational Definitions Openness to experience: For the purpose of our research openness to experience is the proclivity of an individual to new situations and learning and a greater awareness of his environment. Creativity: We have taken the definition of creativity as a means of producing or thinking something new. The key aspect of creativity is originality. Intellect: For the purpose of our research intellect is defined as that cognitive ability which helps a person analyze complex situations and solve challenging problems. Job Success: We have taken the term Job Success to mean the extent to which a person is able to achieve the intended purpose of the job. Scales The study uses borrowed scales from professional and academic domain. OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE One of the most accepted measure of the FFM dimensions is the Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Personality Inventory Revised (NEO PI-R:Costa McCrae, 1992). The NEO PI-R measures each dimension with six sub dimensions called the facets. Its sub-dimensions are for openness to experience are Fantasy, Aesthetics, Feelings, Actions, Ideas and Values. McCord designed the M5 questionnaire to assess traits of normal personality based on the facets described by Costa McCrae. M5 is a self report measure that provides scores each facet based on six independent lower level facets. The M5 claims to strong internal reliability and good validity (Proctor McCord, 2009). The study administrates the M5 openness to experience inventory that measures similar facets of the NEO PI-R construct. Table 1 provides descriptions of each of these and the corresponding dimensions from the M5 instrument. (Refer Appendix A for the scale) Table : M5 Instrument Dimensions NEO PI-R Facet M5 Definition of high scorers Fantasy Imagination Have a vivid imagination fantasy life which they believe enhances life Aesthetics Artistic interests Highly esteem and can be moved by art, music, poetry beauty Feelings Emotionality Are receptive to inner feelings, deeply experience emotions see them as important Action Adventurousness Have a willingness to experience new activities, foods, places prefer novelty to routine Ideas Intellect Open-mindedness willingness to consider new ideas pursue intellectual interests Values Liberalism Willingness to re-examine social, political religious values Lack of free available personality inventories is a major constraint for academic research. Cost factors and copyright issues inhibit flexible availability, editing and modifying of the professionally accepted measurement tools. For the purpose of our research we shall use the personality item inventories from the public domain collection of International Personality Item Pool (IPIP, 2001). Lack of free available personality inventories, copy right issues and cost factors have inhibited the usage of professionally accepted measurement tools for the present academic research. For the purpose of our research we shall use the personality item inventories from the public domain collection of International Personality Item Pool (IPIP, 2001) to measure creativity and intellect. IPIP is intended as an international effort to develop and continually refine a set of personality inventories. The scales provided in this collaboratory can be used for both scientific and commercial purposes. The Abridged Big Five Dimensional Circumplex (AB5C) taxonomy of personality traits was developed to integrate the 5-dimensional simple-structure and circumplex models of personality. It consists of the 10 circumplexes formed by pitting each of the Big Five factors against one another. The model maps facets of the Big Five dimensions as blends of 2 factors. CREATIVITY In this study we have used the Abridged Big Five-Dimensional Circumplex(AB5C) propounded by Hofstee, de Raad, Goldberg [1992] for measurement of creativity. The AB5C taxonomy of personality traits was developed to integrate the 5-dimensional simple-structure and circumplex models of personality. It consists of the 10 circumplexes formed by pitting each of the Big Five factors against one another. The model maps facets of the Big Five dimensions as blends of 2 factors. The alpha coefficient of the scale as reported on IPIP website is 0.81 indicating the scale has good reliability and internal consistency. This scale is a five point Likert scale. INTELLECT In this study we have used the Abridged Big Five-Dimensional Circumplex propounded by Hofstee, de Raad, Goldberg [1992] for measurement of intellect. The alpha coefficient of the scale as reported on IPIP website is 0.81 indicating the scale has good reliability and internal consistency. This scale is a five point Likert scale. JOB SUCCESS The study measures job success as perceived by the person. Selected items related to organization success as defined by Gattiker Larwood (1986) will be measured on a five point Likert type scale. The alpha coefficient of the scale specified is 0.75. Analysis The 10 items on the Openness to experience scale (10 point M5 Questionnaire) were summed up to create an aggregate score for Openness to Experience. The 7 items on the Job Success scale created by Gattiker and Larwood were summed up to create an aggregate score for job success. The 10 items on the IPIP (Domain AB5C) Creativity scale were summed up to create an aggregate score for creativity. The 10 items on the IPIP (Domain AB5C) Intellect Scale were summed up to create an aggregate score for intellect. The data was analyzed for the Cronbachs alpha value to determine the reliability of the scales. The data was then analyzed using Multiple Mediation Regression developed by Baron and Kenny (1986) which is a four-step process. This process was performed for both creativity and intellect. First, we performed a regression using openness to experience as the independent variable and job success as the dependent variable. Second, we performed a regression using creativity as the independent variable and job success as the dependent variable. Third, we performed a regression using openness to experience as the independent variable and creativity as the dependent variable. Finally, we performed a regression using openness to experience and creativity as the independent variable and job success as the dependent variable to identify the effect of mediator. The same process was repeated with intellect instead of creativity. Results and Discussion The Cronbachs alpha values are tabulated below: Table : Cronbachs Alpha Values Variable Scale Calculated Cronbachs Alpha Openness to Experience 10 point M5 Questionnaire 0.809 Creativity IPIP (Domain AB5C) Creativity scale 0.774 Intellect IPIP(Domain AB5C) Intellect Scale 0.743 Job Success Gattiker Larwood Scale 0.809 Creativity Openness to Experience Creativity Creativity The results of the regression are tabulated below: 0.386 * 0.595 * Model 1: 0.335* Job Success *Significant at 0.05 level Table : Regression Analysis Results Model 1 Step Regression Variables Coefficients Dependent Variable Independent Variable R2 Unstandardized Beta Std. error Standardized Beta 1 Job success Openness to experience 0.112 0.289 0.063 0.335 2 Creativity Openness to experience 0.354 0.614 0.065 0.595 3 Job success Creativity 0.149 0.322 0.06 0.386 4 Job success Openness to experience Creativity 0.166 0.141 0.241 0.077 0.074 0.164 0.288 In the table, step 1 shows the coefficients for regression analysis with openness to experience as independent variable and job success as the dependent variable. The analysis shows that there is a significant positive correlation between openness to experience and job success. Also the results show that there is a possibility of mediation. Hence, Hypothesis 1 is supported. Step 2 shows the coefficients for regression analysis with openness to experience as independent variable and creativity as the dependent variable. The analysis shows that there is a significant positive correlation between openness to experience and creativity. Hence, Hypothesis 2 is supported. Step 3 shows the coefficients for regression analysis with creativity as independent variable and job success as the dependent variable. The analysis shows that there is a significant positive correlation between creativity and job success. Hence, Hypothesis 3 is supported. Step 4 shows the coefficients for regression analysis with openness to experience and creativity as independent variable and job success as the dependent variable. The regression between openness to experience and job success in step 1 is significant whereas in step 4 is not significant indicating that creativity fully mediates the relationship between openness to experience and job success. The mediation effect was tested using an online Sobel Calculator and was found to be statistically significant (Mediated effect = 0.171, Sobel Test Statistic Z-Score = 4.666, p Step Regression Variables Coefficients Dependent Variable Independent Variable R2 Unstandardized Beta Std. error Standardized Beta 1 Job success Openness to experience 0.112 0.289 0.063 0.335 2 Intellect Openness to experience 0.364 0.540 0.056 0.604 3 Job success Intellect 0.158 0.383 0.069 0.397 4 Job success Openness to experience Intellect 0.172 0.130 0.296 0.077 0.086 0.150 0.307 Model 2: 0.397* 0.604* Intellect Openness to Experience Openness to Experience Job Success Intellect 0.335* *Significant at 0.05 level Table 4: Regression Analysis Results Model 2 In the table, step 1 shows the coefficients for regression analysis with openness to experience as independent variable and job success as the dependent variable. The analysis shows that there is a significant positive correlation between openness to experience and job success. Also the results show that there is a possibility of mediation. Hence, Hypothesis 1 is supported. Step 2 shows the coefficients for regression analysis with openness to experience as independent variable and intellect as the dependent variable. The analysis shows that there is a significant positive correlation between openness to experience and intellect. Hence, Hypothesis 4 is supported. Step 3 shows the coefficients for regression analysis with intellect as independent variable and job success as the dependent variable. The analysis shows that there is a significant positive correlation between intellect and job success. Hence, Hypothesis 5 is supported. Step 4 shows the coefficients for regression analysis with openness to experience and intellect as independent variable and job success as the dependent variable. The regression between openness to experience and job success in step 1 is significant whereas in step 7 is not significant indicating that intellect fully mediates the relationship between openness to experience and job success. The mediation effect was tested using an online Sobel Calculator and was found to be statistically significant (Mediated effect = 0.185, Sobel Test Statistic Z-Score = 4.811, p Implications The study shows that Openness to Experience is fully mediated by both, Creativity and Intellect in relation to job success. Thus we can

What Do We Really Know About The Beginning Of Time? Essay -- Essays Pa

What Do We Really Know About The Beginning Of Time? Most people take for granted important discoveries, such as the Big Bang. It is widely accepted that the Big Bang created the universe, and while most people can explain the basic theory behind it, little else is common knowledge. Calvin of Calvin and Hobbes called it â€Å"The Horrendous Space Kablooie,† but many people do not grasp the enormous concept (Milne). How exactly do you prove how time began? A writer for Scientific American put this subject into perspective: â€Å"If you’re religious, this is like looking at God† (Milne). Cosmology is the study of the universe, its workings, how it was made, and what it will become. How the universe began has always been a wonder to humans. One of the first widely accepted theories in the 1700s, called infinite expanse, explained that the universe is infinite, with no beginning and no end. This theory had more to do with the philosophy of the time than actual science; however, there was no way to prove or disprove the theory. It was not until the 1920s that Edwin Hubble was able to study the deep sky, objects very faint and far away. In 1929, Hubble proved that stars are clumped in large galaxies, and many galaxies exist beyond our own in a universe that takes light billions of years to travel across. Not only did Hubble prove that galaxies exist, but by observing redshifts (a shift toward red in the visual spectrum of light because of the receding effect of an object) also proved that the galaxies were getting farther apart. Shortly after Hubble’s discovery, a Belgian priest and mathematics teacher by the name of Georges Lemaitre published his own theory that was based off of Hubble’s observations. He said that if the galaxies in the u... ... as many more significant discoveries are bound to happen in the near future that will help clear up the situation (Milne). It is certainly an age for discovery, and understanding newly published discoveries does not require a doctorate. While astrophysics is not everyday, practical knowledge, it can be very impressive to undersand and explain to others how time began. Works Cited â€Å"Big Bang Theory.† Encarta Encyclopedia Standard 2004. 2003 PC ed. Glanz, James. â€Å"Accelerating the Cosmos.† Astronomy.com. 2001. 25 Mar. 2004. Lacey, Jake. â€Å"Milky Way III.† http://members.cox.net/llacey14/jakestars.html. 2003. 29 Mar. 2004. Milne, Rich. â€Å"The Origin Of The Universe.† http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/origuniv.html. 1995. 25 Mar. 2004. Schomaker, William. â€Å"Physicists Put Brakes on Accelerating Universe Theory.† Astronomy.com. 2002. 25 Mar. 2004.

How setting clarifies the theme in “Macbeth” Essay

In the play The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare, the setting clarifies the various themes and characters of the play. Darkness, deceiving appearances, and the supernatural are aspects of setting that influence the characters actions and lives. The play shows that an environment is a crucial aspect of one’s life. Depending on where they live, one’s surroundings affect their reactions and decisions. The play initiates it’s setting on a dark, gloomy battlefield where war is in order. This setting clarifies the ‘darkness is equivalent to evil’ theme, and Macbeth’s evil mentality because it shows that Scotland is in a state of disorder. This setting brings darkness upon the entire country, and Macbeth’s actions as well. And as the setting grows darker, Macbeth’s wickedness develops alongside. Except for Macbeth’s, all murders in the play occur at night. Macbeth wanted ‘stars hide your fires’ so he could kill Duncan without heaven seeing what he was doing. This obviously, is an example of men’s mentality as they go into war. Even Duncan’s trained horses seem like they are going to, â€Å"Make war with mankind,† (2.4.18) by going wild and breaking out of their stalls on the night of his death. This shows that the dark and warlike setting influences even the animals in Shakespeare’s play. Secondly, castles in the Shakespearian time period were deceiving in appearance. They are looked upon as glorious structures that were beautiful, peaceful, and everything but cold and reeking of feces. Such a setting is Macbeth’s castle; it’s deceiving appearance clarifies the deceiving actions of the characters that inhabit it. The king, as Macbeth’s guest, is first to be deceived by the castle. â€Å"This castle hath a pleasant seat; the air nimbly and sweetly recommends itself unto our gentle senses.† (1.6.1-3) This shows that the king is pleased with the setting. The castle’s deceiving quality also clarifies Lady Macbeth’s mentality. â€Å"To beguile the time, look like the time.† (1.5.61-62) Lady Macbeth convinces Macbeth to deceive the people by wearing a false face and hiding the ugliness behind his thoughts, like his misleading castle. Furthermore she deceives her own husband by coaxing him into killing the king. â€Å"Wouldst thou / live a coward in thine own esteem?† (1.7.44-45) Macbeth objected to murder the king and this clarifies that Lady  Macbeth betrayed him. Like a castle is misleading in appearance, the inhibitors of Macbeth’s castle deceive their guest and each other. Lastly, the play incorporates a supernatural theme. The main setting that employs this theme is the The Birnam Wood’s. Macbeth was told by apparitions from the witches that, â€Å"Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him.† (4.1.93-94) This setting influences Macbeth into believing he is invincible, which ultimately leads him to his destruction. â€Å"Who can impress the forest, bid the tree unfix his earth-bound root? Sweet bodements, good!† (4.1.95-96) This shows the In conclusion, The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare clarifies the various themes and characters of the play with its extensive use of setting. Darkness, deceiving appearances, and the supernatural are aspects of setting that influence the characters actions and lives. The play shows that a setting is a crucial aspect of one’s life. Depending on where they live, one’s reactions and decisions may be clarified and simplified by their surroundings.

A Summary of An Early Article on Drug Addiction essays

A Summary of An Early Article on Drug Addiction essays The article summarized in this paper entitled, "Drug Addictions, A Public Health Problem," was originally published in 1914, and it was chosen because it provides an interesting contrast to our modern perception of drug addiction. The article first discusses a bill passed to control the distribution of drugs in the authors city and later mentions some of the underlying causes of drug addiction as believed at the time. At the time of the article, drug addiction was increasingly becoming a problem in the United States. As such, the author petitioned for a law in 1912 that would regulate the sale and distribution of illegal substances, in an attempt to wipe the drugs off the street. The crucial part of the bill was that it allowed for certain substances to be prescribed to those with a medical necessity, so as to prevent the excuse that the medically dependent were purchasing the drugs illegally only because there was no legal channel by which to purchase them. An additional purpose of the bill was for the health official to be able to get into contact with the addict himself. Under this provision, any possession of illegal drugs was deemed a misdemeanor unless the person was able to prove that he came into possession of the drug by legal ways (Terry, 1914). Before the bill came to be passed, there was a general meeting with pharmacists and other local officials, in order for them to criticize the bill and make changes that were appropriate. Those pharmacists who refused to comply with the law were prosecuted, as the only legal way of supplying the drugs was to follow the standards of this law. In order to make sure that the law was being followed, the author wrote down the names of all of those people who needed the drugs for medicinal purposes. In total, there were 646 such individuals. Anyone who was found with drugs who was not one of those 646 people would be breaking the law. Those 646 drug users represented about 1% of ...

10 Tips for Using Research Note Cards

10 Tips for Using Research Note Cards Many teachers require students to use note cards to collect information for their first big term paper assignment. While this practice may seem old fashioned and out of date, it is actually still the best method for collecting research.   You will use research note cards to collect all the information necessary to write your term paperwhich includes the details you need for your bibliography notes. You should take extreme care as you create these note cards, because any time you leave out a single detail, you are creating  more work for yourself. You will have to visit each source again if you leave out essential information the first time around. Remember that citing every source completely and correctly is critical for success. If you dont cite a source, you are guilty of plagiarism! These tips will help you collect research and write  a successful paper. Start with a fresh pack of research note cards. Large, lined cards are probably best, especially if you want to make your own detailed personal notes. Also, consider color coding your cards by topic to keep your paper organized from the start.Devote an entire note card to each idea or note. Dont try to fit two sources (quotes and notes) on one card. No sharing space!Gather more than you need. Use the library and the Internet to find potential sources for your research paper. You should continue to research until you have quite a few potential sources- about three times as many as your teacher recommends.Narrow down your sources. As you read your potential sources, you will find that some are helpful, others are not, and some will repeat the same information you already have. This is how you narrow your list down to include the most solid sources.Record as you go. From each source, write down any notes or quotes that could be useful in your paper. As you take notes, try to paraphras e all the information. This reduces the chances of committing accidental plagiarism. Include everything. For each note you will need to record authors name, the title of reference (book, article, interview, etc.), reference publication information, to include publisher, date, place, year, issue, volume, page number, and your own personal comments.Create your own system and stick to it. For instance, you may want to pre-mark each card with spaces for each category, just to make sure you dont leave anything out.Be exact. If at any time you write down information word for word (to be used as a quote), be sure to include all punctuation marks, capitalizations, and breaks exactly as they appear in the source. Before you leave any source, double-check your notes for accuracy.If you think it might be useful, write it down. Dont ever, ever pass over information because youre just not sure whether it will be useful! This is a very common and costly mistake in research. More often than not, you find that the passed-over tidbit is critical to your paper, and then theres a go od chance  you wont find it again. Avoid using abbreviations and code words as you record notes - especially if you plan to quote. Your own writing can look completely foreign to you later. Its true! You may not be able to understand your own clever codes after a day or two, either.

Swot or FDI analysis on Human Development Indext in International Essay

Swot or FDI analysis on Human Development Indext in International busines - Essay Example To support international business the government has had to create a number of policies that are in line with the HDI measures. Human development is supported by the ability of the population to access a variety of products and services affordably. Infrastructure is therefore key to human development (Ranis, Stewart, & Samman, 2006). Since the inception of international business by the Economic committee, international business has been designated as the lifeblood for economic growth of Singapore and the impact the same has on both the finance and the logistics sectors of this economy. The SWOT based on HDI in relation to international business include: Strength- Existence of attractive trade infrastructure hence a huge trader in world oil. There is wide connectivity in terms of business and physical location (Chowdhury, & Squire, 2006). Political stability is a key requirement for international business to thrive. Weaknesses are much unwelcome as they discourage FDI and global business in the long run: these include; less pool of local professionals in trade with costs such as rent and wages rocketing high. In addition there is limited access to capital and export credit insurance. The opportunities on the other hand are vast including the international access of markets and the increased liberalization of Asia as well as demand for risk management. We experience a few threats including other locations offering better incentives and an increase in direct trade. The increased access to international business has an impact on overall Human Development Index (HDI) as the population will be able to improve in terms of living standards given the trade in variety (Chowdhury, & Squire, 2006). Human development index is directly related to the strengths and opportunities presented by the access to international business. This is due to the fact that the

Treating breast cancer with Radiographic therapy Essay

Treating breast cancer with Radiographic therapy - Essay Example The therapy refers to the use of specific rays in imagining thus monitoring the progress of the treatment. Additionally, the therapy includes the use of high-energy radiation to kill the cancerous cells thus eliminating the cancer. The therapy is effective since it destroys the DNA of the cancer cells thus discouraging the growth of such cells. While the use of radiation is efficient in killing the cancer cells, the radiations can destroy the normal body cells a feature that explains the extreme caution that doctors and patients must take during such therapies. The book investigates the nature of manifestation of the disease thus investigating the numerous methods of treatment key among which is radiographic therapy. The therapy begins with an equally effective diagnosis of the disease. The book explains that early determination of the cancer helps increase the effectiveness of the radiographic therapy. The book encourages self-inspection as a way of ensuring early detection of cancer â€Å"physical examination of a patient with breast cancer should begin with in inspection of breasts† (Winchester, David, Clifford and Larry 237). Such personal inspections of the breast investigate any irregular development in the breast. Inspecting the breast with the view to determining any anomalies is always an easy process especially for those with the tendency of doing so since they easily identify the varying types of anomalies that may hint cancerous growth. Effective early detection of the cancerous growth enhances the success of radiographi c therapy. The book explains that Radiographic therapy is essential even in other forms of cancer treatments such as surgical operations. After physical examination discussed above, patients should always seek radiography in order to validate the existence of cancerous cells in their breasts. The mechanism provides effective ways of capturing images of the internal parts of the body such as