Animal testing and research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animal testing and research - Essay Example Animals thus provides medium for prerequisite test to prove the efficacy of the vaccine in question in human beings. Notwithstanding, the belief has been informed to construe that substitutes of the animals are available for the same (Grayson and Library 145). Initially, animals testing were done without any consideration on the life sanctity of the animals, suffering of the animals either was not considered an issue as the main concern was the study. Fortunately, with the enactment of laws regarding the animals, the animals’ rights have been established to ensure that just like human beings they are protected. The establishment of the laws necessitated research on possible alternatives that were not animals which includes; synthetic skins called corrositex, computer modeling, improved statistical design and the Murine Local Lymph Nodes Assay (LLNA) (Grayson and Library 167). The efforts to avoid the use of actual animals in research is aimed at what is dubbed three Rs; Refin ement, Reduction and Replacement (Grayson and Library 172). The sole purpose of involving animals in testing the efficacy of drugs is to reduce the number of drugs that are tested on human beings. Drugs can only be tested on humans after it has passed the animals models, this means that any drug that fails to meet the required standards do not reach the human trials. These standards may be that they do not elicit enough immune response or proved to be poisonous and is notorious of killing living cells. In such a case, the drugs trials will halt at animals testing (Grayson and Library 197).

The Ethical Standards of Nike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Ethical Standards of Nike - Essay Example Nike has changed its course of action in recent years from one of sheer denial and arguments to one of policy and change. The fact that the company responded only to global media pressure and the fact that standards only changed in Indonesia because of workers strikes and consumer pressure leave something to be desired about the ethical standards of Nike. However, it is important to recognize that Nike did change, though the implementation of the 1997 policies, almost ten years later, is not fully in effect. Â  Nike should be held ethically responsible for the working conditions in foreign factories of subcontractors. In a business decision, regardless of the international boundaries, it is important to follow a certain level of ethical standards. While it is impossible to judge if Nike absolutely knew of the sub-standard conditions, it is logical to assume that Nike could not have ignored the possibility, regardless of the information from Mr. Young, who said that the conditions were adequate in the factories. Yet, in countries where minimum age and working condition laws are not contusive to an appropriate and healthy lifestyle, Nike, by simple association, should maintain a level of dignity for their products. However, the legalities of the situation become more intricate for Nike, being an American based business, subcontracts to (mainly) Asian factories.